Stela Vujosevic, Andrea Muraca, Micol Alkabes, et al. · (2017) · "EARLY MICROVASCULAR AND NEURAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITHOUT CLINICAL SIGNS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY" · Retina · https://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000001990 · cited 152 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "EARLY MICROVASCULAR AND NEURAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITHOUT CLINICAL SIGNS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY" with a citation.

Answer:
PURPOSE: To assess and compare early modifications in inner retinal layer thickness and optical coherence tomography angiography parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) Types 1 and 2 without clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Ninety eyes of 90 subjects (24 Type 1 DM, 36 Type 2 DM, and 30 healthy controls) were prospectively evaluated with spectral domain OCT, swept-source OCT angiography, and color fundus photography (on the same day). Retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer (GCL+), and nerve fiber layer + GCL+ (GCL++) thickness were automatically determined by the instrument in the 1, 3, and 6 central mm. On OCT angiography, the following parameters were evaluated: area of foveal avascular zone, number of focally dilated endings of the capillaries (detected only on OCT angiography), presence of regular/irregular foveal avascular zone, capillary loss, and capillary network irregularities in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). RESULTS: Ganglion cell layer+ (P = 0.0099) and GCL++ (P = 0.0367) were significantly thicker in DM Type 1 versus DM Type 2 in 1 central mm, after adjustment for age and DM duration. The area of foveal avascular zone was significantly larger in DM Type 1 versus controls in both SCP and DCP and in DM Type 1 versus Type 2 only in DCP (P < 0.05 for all); the number of focally dilated endings of the capillaries was higher in DM Type 1 versus controls in both SCP and DCP (P < 0.01 for all); and in DM Type 2 versus controls only in DCP (P = 0.007). Perifoveal capillary loss in SCP and inner retinal layer thickness had the highest correlation in both DM types. CONCLUSION: There are specific neural and microvascular modifications even before clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy in DM Types 1 and 2. Perifoveal capillary loss in the SCP is highly correlated with inner retinal layer. These data may help in characterization of patients at the preclinical stage of diabetic retinopathy.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Stela Vujosevic, Andrea Muraca, Micol Alkabes, et al. · (2017) · "EARLY MICROVASCULAR AND NEURAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITHOUT CLINICAL SIGNS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY" · Retina · https://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000001990 · cited 152 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Ada Yeste, Maisa C. Takenaka, Iván Mascanfroni, et al. · (2016) · "Tolerogenic nanoparticles inhibit T cell–mediated autoimmunity through SOCS2" · Science Signaling · https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aad0612 · cited 194 times

Question: What does the peer-reviewed literature show about "Tolerogenic nanoparticles inhibit T cell–mediated autoimmunity through SOCS2"? Cite a published source.

Answer:
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-dependent autoimmune disease that is characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. The administration to patients of ex vivo-differentiated FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells or tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) that promote Treg cell differentiation is considered a potential therapy for T1D; however, cell-based therapies cannot be easily translated into clinical practice. We engineered nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver both a tolerogenic molecule, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE), and the β cell antigen proinsulin (NPITE+Ins) to induce a tolerogenic phenotype in DCs and promote Treg cell generation in vivo. NPITE+Ins administration to 8-week-old nonobese diabetic mice suppressed autoimmune diabetes. NPITE+Ins induced a tolerogenic phenotype in DCs, which was characterized by a decreased ability to activate inflammatory effector T cells and was concomitant with the increased differentiation of FoxP3(+) Treg cells. The induction of a tolerogenic phenotype in DCs by NPs was mediated by the AhR-dependent induction of Socs2, which resulted in inhibition of nuclear factor κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine production (properties of tolerogenic DCs). Together, these data suggest that NPs constitute a potential tool to reestablish tolerance in T1D and potentially other autoimmune disorders.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Ada Yeste, Maisa C. Takenaka, Iván Mascanfroni, et al. · (2016) · "Tolerogenic nanoparticles inhibit T cell–mediated autoimmunity through SOCS2" · Science Signaling · https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aad0612 · cited 194 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Emily C. Woodman‐Pieterse, Scott A. Read, Michael J. Collins, et al. · (2015) · "Regional Changes in Choroidal Thickness Associated With Accommodation" · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17102 · cited 148 times

Question: What does the peer-reviewed literature show about "Regional Changes in Choroidal Thickness Associated With Accommodation"? Cite a published source.

Answer:
PURPOSE: To characterize the changes occurring in choroidal thickness (ChT) across the posterior pole during accommodation using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: Forty participants (mean age 21 ± 2 years) had measures of ChT and ocular biometry taken during accommodation to 0, 3, and 6 diopter (D) stimuli, with the Spectralis OCT and Lenstar biometer. A Badal optometer and cold mirror system was mounted on both instruments, allowing measurement collection while subjects viewed an external fixation target at varying accommodative demands. RESULTS: The choroid exhibited significant thinning during accommodation to the 6 D stimulus in both subfoveal (mean change, -5 ± 7 μm) and parafoveal regions (P < 0.001). The magnitude of these changes varied by parafoveal meridian, with the largest changes seen in the temporal (-9 ± 12 μm) and inferotemporal (-8 ± 8 μm) meridians (P < 0.001). Axial length increased with accommodation (mean change, +5 ± 11 μm at 3 D, +14 ± 13 μm at 6 D), and these changes were weakly negatively associated with the choroidal changes (r2 = 0.114, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A small, but significant thinning of the choroid was observed at the 6 D accommodation demand, which was greatest in the temporal and inferotemporal parafoveal choroid, and increased with increasing eccentricity from the fovea. The regional variation in the parafoveal thinning corresponds to the distribution of the nonvascular smooth muscle within the uvea, which may implicate these cells as the potential mechanism by which the choroid thins during accommodation.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Emily C. Woodman‐Pieterse, Scott A. Read, Michael J. Collins, et al. · (2015) · "Regional Changes in Choroidal Thickness Associated With Accommodation" · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17102 · cited 148 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Diabetes, infection risk and COVID-19

Süheda Erener · (2020) · "Diabetes, infection risk and COVID-19" · Molecular Metabolism · https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101044 · cited 351 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "Diabetes, infection risk and COVID-19" with a citation.

Answer:
Individuals with diabetes are at a greater risk of hospitalization and mortality resulting from viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread quickly to more than 213 countries and claimed 395,779 lives as of June 7, 2020. Notably, in several studies, diabetes is one of the most reported comorbidities in patients with severe COVID-19. In this review, I summarize the clinical data on the risk for infectious diseases in individuals with diabetes while highlighting the mechanisms for altered immune regulation. The focus is on coronaviruses. Based on the new clinical data obtained from COVID-19 patients, a discussion of mechanisms, such as cytokine storm, pulmonary and endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulation, that may render individuals with diabetes more vulnerable to COVID-19 is provided. Epidemiological studies show that poorly controlled diabetes is a risk factor for various infectious diseases. Given the global burden of diabetes and the pandemic nature of coronaviruses, understanding how diabetes affects COVID-19 severity is critical to designing tailored treatments and clinical management of individuals affected by diabetes.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Süheda Erener · (2020) · "Diabetes, infection risk and COVID-19" · Molecular Metabolism · https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101044 · cited 351 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Annika Rosengren, Pigi Dikaiou · (2023) · "Cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 and type 2 diabetes" · Diabetologia · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05857-5 · cited 136 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "Cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 and type 2 diabetes" with a citation.

Answer:
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent cardiometabolic disorders on the planet. Type 1 diabetes accounts for only a minority of all cases (recently estimated to be ~2% globally); however, since this is a disorder with an early onset, many people live with type 1 diabetes for a long time. CVD and premature death are the main long-term outcomes for both types of diabetes; however, the type of diabetes that carries the highest risk of these outcomes is a controversial topic and has not been widely studied. Because of the association between diabetes and CVD, the rise in type 2 diabetes prevalence over the past decades has huge effects on global health. The excess risk in people with diabetes compared with those without depends, to a large extent, on the presence of other factors, such as general cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. elevated LDL-cholesterol, hypertension and smoking) and also factors that are more specific to diabetes (e.g. HbA1c, and micro- and macroalbuminuria). Some contributory factors are modifiable, while others are not, such as age, sex and type of diabetes. Older people with type 2 diabetes who have risk factors that are under control can achieve levels of CVD risk that are similar to that of the general population, while younger individuals with type 1 diabetes are mostly unable to achieve similar levels of risk, probably because of long and cumulative exposure to raised blood glucose levels. Despite reports of declining rates of CVD among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, rising rates of both types of diabetes lead to a continuing rise in the number of people with cardiometabolic disorders worldwide, offsetting the progress made in many countries. Comparison between individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes with respect to risk of CVD is fraught with difficulties and highly dependent on other, concomitant factors, some of which are modifiable and others not. Nonetheless, as a whole, what matters most in determining the management of diabetes is absolute risk and lifetime risk. Life-long efforts to achieve glycaemic control, control of lipids and hypertension, and not smoking are key to prevention, with a healthy lifestyle and pharmacological therapy to be implemented as needed.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Annika Rosengren, Pigi Dikaiou · (2023) · "Cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 and type 2 diabetes" · Diabetologia · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05857-5 · cited 136 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Kazunori Kageyama, Yasumasa Iwasaki, Makoto Daimon · (2021) · "Hypothalamic Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor under Stress and Stress Resilience" · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212242 · cited 93 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "Hypothalamic Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor under Stress and Stress Resilience" with a citation.

Answer:
gene, as can the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in the hypothalamus. CRF receptor type 1 is mainly involved in a stress response, depression, anorexia, and seizure, while CRF receptor type 2 mediates "stress coping" mechanisms such as anxiolysis in the brain. Differential effects of FK506-binding immunophilins, FKBP4 and FKBP5, contribute to the efficiency of glucocorticoids under stress resilience. Together, a variety of factors contribute to stress resilience. All these factors would have the differential roles under stress resilience.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Kazunori Kageyama, Yasumasa Iwasaki, Makoto Daimon · (2021) · "Hypothalamic Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor under Stress and Stress Resilience" · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212242 · cited 93 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


John McKnight, Sarah H. Wild, Maxine Lamb, et al. · (2014) · "Glycaemic control of Type 1 diabetes in clinical practice early in the 21st century: an international comparison" · Diabetic Medicine · https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12676 · cited 345 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "Glycaemic control of Type 1 diabetes in clinical practice early in the 21st century: an international comparison" with a citation.

Answer:
AIMS: Improving glycaemic control in people with Type 1 diabetes is known to reduce complications. Our aim was to compare glycaemic control among people with Type 1 diabetes using data gathered in regional or national registries. METHODS: Data were obtained for children and/or adults with Type 1 diabetes from the following countries (or regions): Western Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, Champagne-Ardenne (France), Germany, Epirus, Thessaly and Thessaloniki (Greece), Galway (Ireland), several Italian regions, Latvia, Rotterdam (The Netherlands), Otago (New Zealand), Norway, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Volyn (Ukraine), USA and Wales) from population or clinic-based registries. The sample size with available data varied from 355 to 173 880. Proportions with HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol (< 7.5%) and ≥ 75 mmol/mol (≥ 9.0%) were compared by age and sex. RESULTS: Data were available for 324 501 people. The proportions with HbA1c 58 mmol/mol (< 7.5%) varied from 15.7% to 46.4% among 44 058 people aged < 15 years, from 8.9% to 49.5% among 50 766 people aged 15-24 years and from 20.5% to 53.6% among 229 677 people aged ≥ 25 years. Sex differences in glycaemic control were small. Proportions of people using insulin pumps varied between the 12 sources with data available. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there are substantial variations in glycaemic control among people with Type 1 diabetes between the data sources and that there is room for improvement in all populations, especially in young adults.

— Source (peer-reviewed): John McKnight, Sarah H. Wild, Maxine Lamb, et al. · (2014) · "Glycaemic control of Type 1 diabetes in clinical practice early in the 21st century: an international comparison" · Diabetic Medicine · https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12676 · cited 345 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Xinyuan Zhang, Huan Zeng, Shian Bao, et al. · (2014) · "Diabetic macular edema: new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment" · Cell & Bioscience · https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-3701-4-27 · cited 224 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "Diabetic macular edema: new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment" with a citation.

Answer:
Diabetic macular edema (DME), a serious eye complication caused primarily by hyperglycemia, is one of the major causes of blindness. DME, which is characterized by cystic retinal thickening or lipid deposition, is prone to relapse after successful treatment. DME is a complex pathological process caused by multiple factors, including breakdown of the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers, oxidative stress, and elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor which have been demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical studies. Starling's law theory explains many of the features of DME. Early detection and treatment of DME can prevent vision loss. Current effective interventions for DME include treatment of systemic risk factors, such as elevated blood glucose, blood pressure and dyslipidemia. Ophthalmic treatments include laser photocoagulation, surgery and intraocular pharmacotherapy. New drugs, which are given by intraocular injection, have emerged in recent years to become first line treatment for DME that affects the central macula with loss of vision. Laser photocoagulation is still the gold standard of treatment for DME which does not involve the central macular. This review outlines these new treatments with particular emphasis on the optimal timing of how they are given.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Xinyuan Zhang, Huan Zeng, Shian Bao, et al. · (2014) · "Diabetic macular edema: new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment" · Cell & Bioscience · https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-3701-4-27 · cited 224 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Robert J. Hinchliffe, Jack Brownrigg, George Andros, et al. · (2015) · "Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review" · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2705 · cited 164 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review" with a citation.

Answer:
Symptoms or signs of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can be observed in up to 50% of the patients with a diabetic foot ulcer and is a risk factor for poor healing and amputation. In 2012, a multidisciplinary working group of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot published a systematic review on the effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and PAD. This publication is an update of this review and now includes the results of a systematic search for therapies to revascularize the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and PAD from 1980 to June 2014. Only clinically relevant outcomes were assessed. The research conformed to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodological scores were assigned. A total of 56 articles were eligible for full-text review. There were no randomized controlled trials, but there were four nonrandomized studies with a control group. The major outcomes following endovascular or open bypass surgery were broadly similar among the studies. Following open surgery, the 1-year limb salvage rates were a median of 85% (interquartile range of 80-90%), and following endovascular revascularization, these rates were 78% (70-89%). At 1-year follow-up, 60% or more of ulcers had healed following revascularization with either open bypass surgery or endovascular techniques. Studies appeared to demonstrate improved rates of limb salvage associated with revascularization compared with the results of conservatively treated patients in the literature. There were insufficient data to recommend one method of revascularization over another. There is a real need for standardized reporting of baseline demographic data, severity of disease and outcome reporting in this group of patients.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Robert J. Hinchliffe, Jack Brownrigg, George Andros, et al. · (2015) · "Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review" · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2705 · cited 164 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Wuyi Xiao, Xizi Wan, Lianxin Shi, et al. · (2024) · "A Viscous‐Biofluid Self‐Pumping Organohydrogel Dressing to Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing" · Advanced Materials · https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202401539 · cited 90 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "A Viscous‐Biofluid Self‐Pumping Organohydrogel Dressing to Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing" with a citation.

Answer:
Viscous biofluids on wounds challenge conventional "water-absorbing" wound dressings in efficient drainage due to their poor fluidity, generally causing prolonged inflammation, anti-angiogenesis, and delayed wound closure. Herein, it is reported that a self-pumping organohydrogel dressing (SPD) with aligned hydrated hydrogel channels, prepared by a three-dimensional-templated wetting-enabled-transfer (3D-WET) polymerization process, can efficiently drain viscous fluids and accelerate diabetic wound healing. The asymmetric wettability of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic layers and aligned hydrated hydrogel channels enable unidirectional and efficient drainage of viscous fluids away from the wounds, preventing their overhydration and inflammatory stimulation. The organogel layer can adhere onto the skin around the wounds but can be easily detached from the wet wound area, avoiding secondary trauma to the newly formed tissues. Taking a diabetic rat model as an example, the SPD can significantly downregulate the inflammation response by ≈70.8%, enhance the dermal remodeling by ≈14.3%, and shorten wound closure time by about 1/3 compared with the commercial dressing (3M, Tegaderm hydrocolloid thin dressing). This study sheds light on the development of the next generation of functional dressings for chronic wounds involving viscous biofluids.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Wuyi Xiao, Xizi Wan, Lianxin Shi, et al. · (2024) · "A Viscous‐Biofluid Self‐Pumping Organohydrogel Dressing to Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing" · Advanced Materials · https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202401539 · cited 90 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Vlado Perkovic, Katherine R. Tuttle, Peter Rossing, et al. · (2024) · "Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes" · New England Journal of Medicine · https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2403347 · cited 1,399 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes" with a citation.

Answer:
BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease are at high risk for kidney failure, cardiovascular events, and death. Whether treatment with semaglutide would mitigate these risks is unknown. METHODS: ), at least a 50% reduction in the eGFR from baseline, or death from kidney-related or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified confirmatory secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS: in the semaglutide group (P<0.001), the risk of major cardiovascular events 18% lower (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.98; P = 0.029), and the risk of death from any cause 20% lower (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95, P = 0.01). Serious adverse events were reported in a lower percentage of participants in the semaglutide group than in the placebo group (49.6% vs. 53.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Semaglutide reduced the risk of clinically important kidney outcomes and death from cardiovascular causes in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; FLOW ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03819153.).

— Source (peer-reviewed): Vlado Perkovic, Katherine R. Tuttle, Peter Rossing, et al. · (2024) · "Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes" · New England Journal of Medicine · https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2403347 · cited 1,399 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


Yahya Mahamat‐Saleh, Thibault Fiolet, Mathieu E. Rebeaud, et al. · (2021) · "Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies" · BMJ Open · https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052777 · cited 198 times

Question: Summarize the published evidence on "Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational…" with a citation.

Answer:
OBJECTIVES: We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational studies to investigate the association between diabetes, hypertension, body mass index (BMI) or smoking with the risk of death in patients with COVID-19 and to estimate the proportion of deaths attributable to these conditions. METHODS: Relevant observational studies were identified by searches in the PubMed, Cochrane library and Embase databases through 14 November 2020. Random-effects models were used to estimate summary relative risks (SRRs) and 95% CIs. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Cochrane methods and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework. RESULTS: =75%, n=14) for former smokers compared with never smokers. The absolute risk of COVID-19 death was increased by 14%, 11%, 12% and 7% for diabetes, hypertension, obesity and smoking, respectively. The proportion of deaths attributable to diabetes, hypertension, obesity and smoking was 8%, 7%, 11% and 2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that diabetes, hypertension, obesity and smoking were associated with higher COVID-19 mortality, contributing to nearly 30% of COVID-19 deaths. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020218115.

— Source (peer-reviewed): Yahya Mahamat‐Saleh, Thibault Fiolet, Mathieu E. Rebeaud, et al. · (2021) · "Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies" · BMJ Open · https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052777 · cited 198 times

Note: This summarizes published research findings. It is not individualized medical advice. For your situation, please discuss with your healthcare provider.