U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: According to the CDC, on the topic of "shift work and sleep patterns"

Answer:
Your body naturally has a circadian rhythm, which is an internal clock that helps control your sleep and digestion.

Circadian rhythms are usually linked to daylight and nighttime, which helps you regulate your waking and sleeping hours. When you wake up in the morning, your body releases cortisol, a hormone that makes you feel alert and energized. In the evening, your body releases melatonin, which makes you sleepy. Your circadian rhythm also helps you release insulin, a hormone that balances your blood sugar levels.

When overnight or rotating shifts disrupt your circadian rhythm, these hormones can also be disrupted. Unbalanced cortisol and insulin levels can increase your blood sugar and cause insulin resistance .

Healthy sleep is about more than just following your circadian rhythm. In addition to the timing and quality of your sleep, it also matters how much sleep you get. If you get less than 7 hours of sleep a day, you have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/articles/diabetes-shift-work.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Diabetes and Shift Work"
  Section: "Shift work and sleep patterns"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Take these 5 actions to help your patients

Question: According to the CDC, on the topic of "take these 5 actions to help your patients"

Answer:
People with diabetes are at a higher risk of vision loss and eye diseases. However, 60% of people with diabetes do not get annual eye exams. 1

Statistics:

The risk of blindness is 25 times higher in people with diabetes compared to those without diabetes. 2 Glaucoma, cataracts, and other eye disorders occur earlier and more often in people with diabetes compared to those without. 3 Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. 4 Diabetic retinopathy is projected to affect 16 million people with diabetes by 2050. 5 Evidence supports that using medication to lower blood glucose levels can reduce the risk of diabetic retinopathy by 25%. 6 More than 90% of diabetes-related vision loss can be avoided with early detection and treatment. 7

At each health care visit, tell your patients with diabetes about the signs of eye problems. This will help them be aware of changes in their eyesight when they start. You can make sure your patients understand the information by asking them to repeat what they heard.

For example:

Do you get a comprehensive eye exam with dilated pupils at least once a year? Do you know how diabetes can affect your eyes? Do you know what to do if you suddenly have a change in your vision?

You can refer your patients to an eye health specialist or provide them with more information about recommended eye care for people with diabetes.

Use the following pointers to support healthy diabetes management for your patients:

Promote the ABCs of diabetes (A1C, blood pressure, cholesterol, and smoking cessation) and a healthy lifestyle. Connect patients to health coaches, patient navigators, nutritionists, community health workers, and local community resources, when possible. Encourage patients to get regular eye health checkups. Follow up with patients regularly to track how well they are managing their diabetes and connecting with their health care team. Consider socioeconomic factors (food and housing security, social support) that may affect your patients' diabetes management.

DSMES services help people live well with diabetes at any stage of their journey. Participants work with diabetes care and education specialists to learn practical skills in diabetes self-care. Skills include improving their blood sugar, eating well, being active, and solving problems to manage their diabetes.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/hcp/clinical-guidance/promote-eye-health.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Promoting Eye Health"
  Section: "Take these 5 actions to help your patients"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Symptoms & Causes of Barrett's Esophagus

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about What causes Barrett’s esophagus? Cite the source.

Answer:
Researchers don’t know the exact cause of Barrett’s esophagus.

Having GERD increases your chances of developing Barrett’s esophagus. Researchers estimate about 5% to 15% of people with GERD go on to develop Barrett’s esophagus. 2

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/barretts-esophagus/symptoms-causes
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Symptoms & Causes of Barrett's Esophagus"
  Section: "What causes Barrett’s esophagus?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "can abdominal adhesions be prevented"

Answer:
When performing abdominal surgery, surgeons take steps to lower the chance that patients will develop abdominal adhesions and related complications after surgery. For example, surgeons may

recommend laparoscopic surgery, if possible, instead of open surgery. handle tissues gently to prevent damage. take steps to keep foreign materials out of the abdomen, such as using powder-free gloves and lint-free tools. cover damaged tissues inside the abdomen with a special film-like barrier at the end of surgery. The barrier keeps tissues separated while they heal, and then the barrier is absorbed by the body.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/abdominal-adhesions
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Abdominal Adhesions"
  Section: "Can abdominal adhesions be prevented?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

How successful is islet transplantation?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "how successful is islet transplantation"

Answer:
A Phase 3 clinical trial conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored Clinical Islet Transplantation Consortium looked at outcomes associated with islet transplantation. Phase 3 trials test new treatments in large groups of people to confirm that treatments are effective and monitor side effects. Participants in this NIH-sponsored study included people with type 1 diabetes with problems managing their blood glucose levels, such as severe hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness.

The study found that, 1 year after islet transplantation, nearly 9 out of 10 transplant recipients had an A1C level below 7 percent and did not have episodes of severe hypoglycemia. The A1C goal for many people with diabetes is below 7 percent. About half of the recipients did not need to take any insulin. Two years after islet transplantation, about 7 out of 10 recipients had an A1C level of less than 7 percent and did not have episodes of severe hypoglycemia, and about 4 out of 10 did not need insulin. 4

Ongoing research from this study also found that islet transplant recipients experienced significant improvements in their diabetes-related quality of life and reported better overall health status after the transplant. Even transplant recipients who still needed to take insulin to manage their diabetes experienced these improvements. 5

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/insulin-medicines-treatments/pancreatic-islet-transplantation
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Pancreatic Islet Transplantation"
  Section: "How successful is islet transplantation?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Treatment and recovery? Cite the source.

Answer:
Treatment for AFib can include:

Medicines to control the heart's rhythm and rate. Blood-thinning medicine to prevent blood clots from forming and reduce stroke risk. Surgery. Medicine and healthy lifestyle changes to manage AFib risk factors.

More than 454,000 hospitalizations with AFib as the primary diagnosis happen each year in the US. 4 The condition contributes to about 158,000 deaths each year. 3 The death rate from AFib as the primary or a contributing cause of death has been rising for more than two decades. 7

— Source: www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/atrial-fibrillation.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "About Atrial Fibrillation"
  Section: "Treatment and recovery"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Buffet Table Tips for People with Diabetes

Question: What does the CDC say about Grain and starch tips? Cite the source.

Answer:
Fill only ¼ of your plate with grain or starchy vegetables, like rice, bread, potatoes, or green peas. Choose high-fiber grains like steamed brown rice and whole-grain breads like whole wheat and cornbread. Limit using butter or margarine on bread, rice, and other grains and starches. Skip or take small portions of starches with heavy sauces like macaroni and cheese and potato salad.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/healthy-eating/choosing-healthy-foods-holidays.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Buffet Table Tips for People with Diabetes"
  Section: "Grain and starch tips"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Recovering From a Diabetes-Related Amputation

Question: According to the CDC, on the topic of "what to expect after an lla"

Answer:
It's normal to have some pain after an LLA, but most people feel better within a week. Your doctor will provide detailed instructions about how to care for your wound to keep it clean and reduce swelling. Once the wound has healed, your doctor may recommend therapy to help you continue to recover.

Physical therapy helps you regain strength, balance, and range of motion. Occupational therapy helps you adjust so you can perform important daily activities. These therapies are often covered fully or partially by Medicare, Medicaid, and private health insurance plans. For details, reach out to your health insurance provider.

Some people may experience phantom pain, which is pain in a body part that's not there anymore. There are several proven options to help treat this pain, so be sure to let your doctor know.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/diabetes-complications/recovering-from-a-diabetes-related-amputation.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Recovering From a Diabetes-Related Amputation"
  Section: "What to expect after an LLA"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

How do health care professionals treat nephrotic syndrome in children?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "how do health care professionals treat nephrotic syndrome in children"

Answer:
Nephrotic syndrome in children is most often treated with medicines.

Corticosteroids. Corticosteroids, or steroids, are the medicines most often used to treat children with primary nephrotic syndrome. These medicines suppress the immune system, reduce the amount of protein passed into the urine, and decrease swelling.

In most children, treatment with corticosteroids will make nephrotic syndrome improve—also called “remission.” If symptoms return, called a “relapse,” the health care professional may prescribe a shorter course of corticosteroids until the disease goes into remission again. Although children may have multiple relapses, they often recover without long-term kidney damage. In most cases, relapses happen less often as children get older. 3

Although corticosteroids effectively treat nephrotic syndrome in many children, using these medicines for long periods of time can cause side effects, such as impaired growth, obesity, high blood pressure, eye problems, and bone loss. 3 Other common side effects include anxiety, depression, and aggressive behavior. These problems are more likely to develop with larger doses and longer use.

In some cases, nephrotic syndrome may not improve with corticosteroids. Cases of nephrotic syndrome that don’t respond to corticosteroids are more difficult to treat than those that do. They are also more likely to progress to end-stage kidney disease . 3

Other medicines that suppress the immune system. If corticosteroids are not working or are causing harmful side effects, your child’s health care professional may prescribe other medicines that reduce the activity of the immune system. In some cases, your child may take these medicines together with low-dose corticosteroids.

Medicines for managing symptoms and complications. Health care professionals may also prescribe other medicines to help your child manage the symptoms and complications of nephrotic syndrome. Examples include

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEs) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to lower blood pressure and help reduce protein loss diuretics , or water pills, to reduce swelling by helping the kidneys remove extra fluid from the blood statins to lower cholesterol blood thinners to treat blood clots

Children with nephrotic syndrome should get the pneumococcal vaccine and yearly flu shots to prevent viral and bacterial infections. They should also get age-appropriate vaccinations. But the health care professional may delay certain “live” vaccines—vaccines that use weakened forms of a virus—while your child is taking certain medicines.

Treatment focuses on the cause of nephrotic syndrome. For example, the health care professional may

prescribe antibiotics to treat an infection that may be causing nephrotic syndrome change or stop any medicines your child takes that can cause nephrotic syndrome or make it worse, such as some medicines used to treat lupus, HIV, or diabetes

Your child’s health care professional may also prescribe the same medicines used to manage the symptoms and complications of primary nephrotic syndrome.

Treatment varies depending on whether the cause is genetic or an infection.

Genetic. Your child’s treatment will depend on the type of genetic mutation that is causing nephrotic syndrome and how bad the symptoms and complications are. Many children will lose kidney function over time and ultimately need a kidney transplant . To keep your child healthy until the transplant, the health care professional may recommend 4,5

albumin injections to make up for the albumin passed in urine medicines to reduce swelling, lower blood pressure, and reduce protein loss removal of one or both kidneys to decrease the loss of albumin in the urine dialysis to filter wastes from the blood if the kidneys fail or if both kidneys are removed

Infection. When nephrotic syndrome is caused by a congenital infection, such as syphilis or toxoplasmosis, it will usually go away when the infection is treated. 4

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/children/nephrotic-syndrome-children
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Nephrotic Syndrome in Children"
  Section: "How do health care professionals treat nephrotic syndrome in children?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: According to the CDC, on the topic of "prevention"

Answer:
DKA is a serious condition, but you can take steps to help prevent it:

Check your blood sugar often, especially if you're sick. Keep your blood sugar levels in your target range as much as possible. Take medicines as prescribed, even if you feel fine. Talk to your doctor about how to adjust your insulin based on what you eat, how active you are, or if you're sick.

If you're at risk for type 1 diabetes, you can also prevent DKA through early treatment. Even people who don't get treatment to prevent type 1 diabetes can monitor for signs and symptoms of DKA to avoid an emergency situation.

If you're concerned about DKA or have questions about how to manage your diabetes , talk to your diabetes care team. Ask them for a referral to diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) for individual guidance. DSMES services are a vital tool to help you manage and live well with diabetes while protecting your health.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/diabetic-ketoacidosis.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Diabetic Ketoacidosis"
  Section: "Prevention"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

5 Questions to Ask Your Health Care Team

2. How will I know if my medicines are working?

Question: According to the CDC, on the topic of "2. how will i know if my medicines are working"

Answer:
Are your ABC numbers close to or at your target levels?

If the answer is yes , then your medicines and efforts are working. Keep up the good work!

If the answer is no , then meet with your health care team to see if your treatment plan needs to be changed. Be sure to bring all of your medicines and blood sugar records when you meet with your care team. Bring both prescription and over-the-counter medicines.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/caring/5-questions-health-care-team.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "5 Questions to Ask Your Health Care Team"
  Section: "2. How will I know if my medicines are working?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about The dessert dilemma? Cite the source.

Answer:
You've heard the saying, "Life's too short, eat dessert first." With so many delicious options out there, it can be tempting. But living with diabetes can make indulging in your favorite sweet treat a little more complicated.

If you have diabetes, too many carbohydrates (carbs), found in sugary and starchy foods can spike your blood sugar. This may make it harder to manage diabetes, and increase your risk of developing complications. Many people believe that desserts are off limits if you're living with diabetes. But that's simply not true. With a few considerations, people with diabetes can have dessert.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/healthy-eating/people-with-diabetes-dessert.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Can People With Diabetes Have Dessert?"
  Section: "The dessert dilemma"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about Help Paying for Kidney Dialysis and Transplantation? Cite the source.

Answer:
Kidney failure may be a complication of diabetes. People of any age with kidney failure can get Medicare if they meet certain criteria. Learn more about Financial Help for Treatment of Kidney Failure .

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/financial-help-diabetes-care
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Financial Help for Diabetes Care"
  Section: "Help Paying for Kidney Dialysis and Transplantation"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Managing & Treating Gestational Diabetes

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about How is gestational diabetes treated if diet and physical activity aren’t enough? Cite the source.

Answer:
If following your eating plan and being physically active aren’t enough to keep your blood glucose levels in your target range, you may need insulin .

If you need to use insulin, your health care team will show you how to give yourself insulin shots. Insulin will not harm your baby and is usually the first choice of diabetes medicine for gestational diabetes. Researchers are studying the safety of the diabetes pills metformin and glyburide during pregnancy, but more long-term studies are needed. Talk with your health care professional about what treatment is right for you.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/management-treatment
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Managing & Treating Gestational Diabetes"
  Section: "How is gestational diabetes treated if diet and physical activity aren’t enough?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about Pregnancy problems? Cite the source.

Answer:
Overweight and obesity raise the risk of developing health problems during pregnancy that can affect the pregnancy and the baby’s health. Pregnant women who have obesity may have a greater chance of 10

developing gestational diabetes , or diabetes that occurs during pregnancy having preeclampsia , or high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can cause severe health problems for the pregnant woman and baby if left untreated needing a caesarean delivery —or c-section—and, as a result, taking longer to recover after giving birth having complications from surgery and anesthesia , especially if they have severe obesity gaining more weight or continuing to have overweight or obesity after the baby is born

Having obesity or gaining too much weight during pregnancy can also increase health risks for the baby, including 25

being born larger than expected based on the sex of the baby or the duration of the pregnancy developing chronic diseases as adults, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and asthma

Talk with your health care professional about how to

reach a healthy weight before pregnancy gain a healthy amount of weight during pregnancy safely lose weight after your baby is born

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/adult-overweight-obesity/health-risks
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Health Risks of Overweight & Obesity"
  Section: "Pregnancy problems"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Key messages to share with your patients? Cite the source.

Answer:
Encourage patients to ask their pharmacist about ways to keep track of their medicines.

Let patients know::

Pharmacists have information on lower-cost options for medicines and medical supplies. Pharmacists work with health care teams to adjust medicines and improve drug treatment plans.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/hcp/clinical-guidance/promote-medication-management.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Promoting Medication Management"
  Section: "Key messages to share with your patients"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

After I have my baby, how can I find out whether I have diabetes?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "after i have my baby, how can i find out whether i have diabetes"

Answer:
You should get tested for diabetes no later than 12 weeks after your baby is born. If your blood glucose is still high, you may have type 2 diabetes . Even if your blood glucose is normal, you still have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. Therefore, you should be tested for diabetes every 3 years.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/after-your-baby-is-born
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "After Your Baby is Born"
  Section: "After I have my baby, how can I find out whether I have diabetes?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "what are the complications of mcdk"

Answer:
Some children with MCDK may develop high blood pressure , also called hypertension.

Children with MCDK in one kidney may have other urinary tract problems that affect their working kidney. These problems may increase the child’s risk of developing chronic kidney disease .

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/children/multicystic-dysplastic-kidney
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney"
  Section: "What are the complications of MCDK?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Monogenic Diabetes (MODY & Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about Who is more likely to have monogenic diabetes? Cite the source.

Answer:
People with MODY forms of diabetes usually have other family members with diabetes. MODY forms of diabetes most often occur in people ages 30 or younger. 6 Forms of NDM most often occur in babies ages 6 months or younger. 1,2 More studies are needed to understand which populations, based on race, are more affected by forms of MODY and NDM.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Monogenic Diabetes (MODY & Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus)"
  Section: "Who is more likely to have monogenic diabetes?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about What are the complications of kidney-related amyloidosis? Cite the source.

Answer:
Amyloid that builds up in the kidneys can damage the kidneys and affect the kidneys’ ability to filter blood. This damage can cause wastes to build up in your body, which may worsen kidney damage and lead to kidney failure.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/amyloidosis
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Amyloidosis & Kidney Disease"
  Section: "What are the complications of kidney-related amyloidosis?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

What causes fecal incontinence in adults?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "what causes fecal incontinence in adults"

Answer:
Fecal incontinence has many causes, including digestive tract disorders and chronic diseases. Some causes of fecal incontinence, such as childbirth by vaginal delivery, happen only in women.

Loose, watery stools from diarrhea fill your rectum quickly and are harder to hold in than solid stools. Diarrhea is the most common risk factor for fecal incontinence for people not staying in hospitals, nursing homes, or other similar institutions. Diarrhea may be caused by digestive tract problems such as

inflammatory bowel disease irritable bowel syndrome proctitis

Constipation can lead to large, hard stools that are difficult to pass. The hard stools stretch and, over time, weaken the muscles in your rectum. The weakened muscles let watery stools that build up behind the hard stool leak out.

If the muscles in your anus, pelvic floor , or rectum are injured or weakened, they may not be able to keep your anus closed, letting stool leak out. These muscles can be injured or weakened by

surgery to remove cancer in the anus or rectum remove hemorrhoids treat anal abscesses and fistulas trauma

If the nerves that control your anus, pelvic floor, and rectum are damaged, the muscles can’t work the way they should. Damage to the nerves that tell you when there is stool in your rectum makes it hard to know when you need to look for a toilet. Nerves can be damaged by

a long-term habit of straining to pass stool brain injury spinal cord injury

Neurologic diseases that affect the nerves of the anus, pelvic floor, or rectum can cause fecal incontinence. These diseases include

dementia multiple sclerosis Parkinson’s disease stroke type 2 diabetes

If your rectum is scarred or inflamed , it becomes stiff and can’t stretch as much to hold stool. Your rectum can get full quickly, and stool can leak out. Rectal surgery, radiation therapy in the pelvic area, and inflammatory bowel disease can cause scarring and inflammation in your rectum.

Hemorrhoids can keep the muscles around your anus from closing completely, which lets small amounts of stool or mucus to leak out.

Rectal prolapse—a condition that causes your rectum to drop down through your anus—can also keep the muscles around your anus from closing completely, which lets small amounts of stool or mucus leak out.

If you are not physically active, especially if you spend many hours a day sitting or lying down, you may be holding a lot of stool in your rectum. Liquid stool can then leak around the more solid stool. Frail, older adults are most likely to develop constipation-related fecal incontinence for this reason.

Childbirth sometimes causes injuries to the anal sphincters , which can cause fecal incontinence. The chances are greater if

your baby was large forceps were used to help deliver your baby you had a vacuum-assisted delivery the doctor made a cut, called an episiotomy, in your vaginal area to prevent the baby’s head from tearing your vagina during birth

Rectocele is a condition that causes your rectum to bulge out through your vagina. Rectocele can happen when the thin layer of muscles separating your rectum from your vagina becomes weak. Stool may stay in your rectum because the rectocele makes it harder to push stool out.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/bowel-control-problems-fecal-incontinence/symptoms-causes
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Symptoms & Causes of Fecal Incontinence"
  Section: "What causes fecal incontinence in adults?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Resources? Cite the source.

Answer:
The Role of Community Health Workers in Addressing Food and Nutrition Security and Social Support During the COVID-19 Pandemic . This white paper focuses on CHW efforts in social support and food and nutrition security. Download infographic in English or en Español . The American Medical Association (AMA) can help you prevent type 2 diabetes . AMA's Diabetes Prevention Toolkit Consensus report on the benefits of DSMES for adults with type 2 diabetes Guiding Principles for the Care of People With or at Risk for Diabetes Find a DSMES program through the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists . The DSMES Toolkit is a comprehensive collection of tools and guides for promoting, implementing, and supporting DSMES.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Clinical Guidance for Diabetes"
  Section: "Resources"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Making Physical Activity Part of a Child's Life

Question: What does the CDC say about How can my child meet the physical activity recommendations? Cite the source.

Answer:
Children and adolescents need aerobic activity, which is anything that makes their hearts beat faster. They also need bone-strengthening activities such as running or jumping and muscle-strengthening activities such as climbing or push-ups. Many physical activities fall under more than one type of activity . This makes it possible for your child to do two or even three types of physical activity in one day! For example:

If your daughter practices basketball with her team every day, she is doing vigorous-intensity aerobic and bone-strengthening activities. If your son takes gymnastics lessons, he is doing vigorous-intensity aerobic and muscle- and bone-strengthening activities.

It's easy to fit each type of activity into your child's schedule—all it takes is being familiar with the recommendations and finding physical activities your child enjoys.

School-based physical activity programs can also help children meet the recommended levels of daily physical activity. Find out how .

Also, learn tips for giving children a healthy body and mind when they are out of school for the summer.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/adding-children-adolescents/index.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Making Physical Activity Part of a Child's Life"
  Section: "How can my child meet the physical activity recommendations?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Who is more likely to develop IgA vasculitis?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "who is more likely to develop iga vasculitis"

Answer:
IgA vasculitis is most common in young children between the ages of 4 and 7, 3 but people of all ages can be affected.

You may be more likely to develop IgA vasculitis if you have a family history of the disease.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/iga-vasculitis
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "IgA Vasculitis"
  Section: "Who is more likely to develop IgA vasculitis?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about What can I expect after my child has surgery for Hirschsprung disease? Cite the source.

Answer:
Children with Hirschsprung disease most often feel better after surgery.

About half of children may have ongoing problems after surgery. 11,12 Problems may include

constipation and, in some cases, other symptoms of intestinal obstruction , such as a swollen abdomen or vomiting bowel control problems Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis failure to thrive

If your child develops one or more of these problems after surgery, his or her doctor may recommend additional tests and treatments. In many cases, these problems improve over time with guidance from your child’s doctor.

If your child has ostomy surgery to treat Hirschsprung disease, your child’s doctor and ostomy nurse will provide information and advice about recovering from surgery and caring for a stoma .

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/hirschsprung-disease/treatment
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Treatment for Hirschsprung Disease"
  Section: "What can I expect after my child has surgery for Hirschsprung disease?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

When should I see a doctor for fecal incontinence?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "when should i see a doctor for fecal incontinence"

Answer:
You should see a doctor if your fecal incontinence is frequent or severe. Although some people are able to manage mild or infrequent fecal incontinence on their own, you should see a doctor if your fecal incontinence is affecting your quality of life or causing emotional or social distress.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/bowel-control-problems-fecal-incontinence/symptoms-causes
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Symptoms & Causes of Fecal Incontinence"
  Section: "When should I see a doctor for fecal incontinence?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Increase your chances of living longer? Cite the source.

Answer:
An estimated 110,000 deaths per year could be prevented if U.S. adults ages 40 and older increased their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Even 10 minutes more a day would make a difference.

Taking more steps a day also helps lower the risk of premature death from all causes. In one study , for adults younger than 60, the risk of premature death leveled off at about 8,000 to 10,000 steps per day. For adults 60 and older, the risk of premature death leveled off at about 6,000 to 8,000 steps per day.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/benefits/index.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Benefits of Physical Activity"
  Section: "Increase your chances of living longer"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about How common is diabetic eye disease? Cite the source.

Answer:
About one in three people with diabetes who are older than age 40 already have some signs of diabetic retinopathy. 1 Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of vision loss in people with diabetes. Each person’s outlook for the future, however, depends in large part on regular care. Finding and treating diabetic retinopathy early can reduce the risk of blindness by 95 percent.

Your chances of developing glaucoma or cataracts are about twice that of someone without diabetes.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-problems/diabetic-eye-disease
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Diabetic Eye Disease"
  Section: "How common is diabetic eye disease?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about How are hemorrhoids diagnosed? Cite the source.

Answer:
Your doctor can often diagnose hemorrhoids based on your medical history and a physical exam. He or she can diagnose external hemorrhoids by checking the area around your anus . To diagnose internal hemorrhoids , your doctor will perform a digital rectal exam and may perform procedures to look inside your anus and rectum .

Your doctor will ask you to provide your medical history and describe your symptoms. He or she will ask you about your eating habits, toilet habits, enema and laxative use, and current medical conditions.

Your doctor will check the area around your anus for

lumps or swelling internal hemorrhoids that have fallen through your anal opening, called prolapse external hemorrhoids with a blood clot in a vein leakage of stool or mucus skin irritation skin tags––extra skin that is left behind when a blood clot in an external hemorrhoid dissolves anal fissures —a small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding

Your doctor will perform a digital rectal exam to

check the tone of the muscles in your anus check for tenderness, blood, internal hemorrhoids, and lumps or masses

Your doctor may use the following procedures to diagnose internal hemorrhoids:

Anoscopy. For an anoscopy, your doctor uses an anoscope to view the lining of your anus and lower rectum. Your doctor will carefully examine the tissues lining your anus and lower rectum to look for signs of lower digestive tract problems and bowel disease. Your doctor performs an anoscopy during an office visit or at an outpatient center. Most patients do not need anesthesia . Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy. Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy is similar to anoscopy, except that your doctor uses an instrument called a proctoscope to view the lining of your rectum and lower colon . Your doctor will carefully examine the tissues lining your rectum and lower colon to look for signs of lower digestive tract problems and bowel disease. Your doctor performs this procedure during an office visit or at an outpatient center or a hospital. Most patients do not need anesthesia.

Your doctor may diagnose internal hemorrhoids while performing procedures for other digestive tract problems or during routine examination of your rectum and colon. These procedures include colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy .

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/hemorrhoids/diagnosis
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Diagnosis of Hemorrhoids"
  Section: "How are hemorrhoids diagnosed?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Buffet Table Tips for People with Diabetes

Question: What does the CDC say about Vegetable tips? Cite the source.

Answer:
Fill ½ of your plate with colorful, non-starchy vegetables, like broccoli, bell peppers, green beans, carrots, cabbage, eggplant, and spinach. Choose fresh or steamed vegetables that are light on dressing. If you can, make your own dressing for salads with a little olive oil and vinegar. Watch out for vegetable dishes loaded with butter, cream, or cheese, like casseroles and vegetables with sauce. Take only a small serving of vegetable dishes cooked with fats like lard or with high-fat meats such as ham hocks or pork belly.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/healthy-eating/choosing-healthy-foods-holidays.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Buffet Table Tips for People with Diabetes"
  Section: "Vegetable tips"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Plan ahead? Cite the source.

Answer:
Decide what you're going to order before you go. That way you won't feel rushed or tempted by less healthy choices.

If your meal will be later than normal, have a snack before you go out to avoid getting too hungry. Have something that contains fiber and protein—a small handful of nuts is a great choice. Then cut back by that amount when you eat your meal.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/healthy-eating/eating-out.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Eating Out"
  Section: "Plan ahead"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "hypothyroidism in pregnancy"

Answer:
Symptoms of an underactive thyroid are often the same for pregnant women as for other people with hypothyroidism. Symptoms include

extreme tiredness trouble dealing with cold muscle cramps severe constipation problems with memory or concentration

Most cases of hypothyroidism in pregnancy are mild and may not have symptoms.

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is usually caused by Hashimoto’s disease and occurs in 2 to 3 out of every 100 pregnancies. 1 Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder . In Hashimoto’s disease, the immune system makes antibodies that attack the thyroid, causing inflammation and damage that make it less able to make thyroid hormones.

Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to

preeclampsia—a dangerous rise in blood pressure in late pregnancy anemia miscarriage low birthweight stillbirth congestive heart failure , rarely

These problems occur most often with severe hypothyroidism.

Because thyroid hormones are so important to your baby’s brain and nervous system development, untreated hypothyroidism—especially during the first trimester—can cause low IQ and problems with normal development.

Your doctor will review your symptoms and do some blood tests to measure your thyroid hormone levels. Your doctor may also look for certain antibodies in your blood to see if Hashimoto’s disease is causing your hypothyroidism. Learn more about thyroid tests and what the results mean .

Treatment for hypothyroidism involves replacing the hormone that your own thyroid can no longer make. Your doctor will most likely prescribe levothyroxine , a thyroid hormone medicine that is the same as T4, one of the hormones the thyroid normally makes. Levothyroxine is safe for your baby and especially important until your baby can make his or her own thyroid hormone.

Your thyroid makes a second type of hormone, T3. Early in pregnancy, T3 can’t enter your baby’s brain like T4 can. Instead, any T3 that your baby’s brain needs is made from T4. T3 is included in a lot of thyroid medicines made with animal thyroid, such as Armour Thyroid, but is not useful for your baby’s brain development. These medicines contain too much T3 and not enough T4, and should not be used during pregnancy. Experts recommend only using levothyroxine (T4) while you’re pregnant.

Some women with subclinical hypothyroidism—a mild form of the disease with no clear symptoms—may not need treatment.

If you had hypothyroidism before you became pregnant and are taking levothyroxine, you will probably need to increase your dose. Most thyroid specialists recommend taking two extra doses of thyroid medicine per week, starting right away. Contact your doctor as soon as you know you’re pregnant.

Your doctor will most likely test your thyroid hormone levels every 4 to 6 weeks for the first half of your pregnancy, and at least once after 30 weeks. 1 You may need to adjust your dose a few times.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/pregnancy-thyroid-disease
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Thyroid Disease & Pregnancy"
  Section: "Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

I Have Diabetes and Cancer. What Can I Eat?

Question: According to the CDC, on the topic of "support from caregivers"

Answer:
If you are caring for a loved one with diabetes and cancer, you play an important role in helping them eat well. Here are some steps you can take:

Keep track of what your loved one eats, and record their blood sugar levels. Share this record with their health care team. They can help find a meal plan that supports both diabetes management and cancer treatment.

Prepare five or six small meals throughout the day, if possible, instead of three big meals. Eating small portions slowly can help with loss of appetite and help prevent blood sugar spikes. Consider cooking meals in advance and freezing them to save time.

Keep healthy snacks nearby. Some examples include sliced apples with peanut butter, yogurt with berries, or whole-grain crackers.

Don't blame yourself or your loved one if they have trouble eating. Even with your best efforts, they may lose their appetite from cancer treatment side effects. Talk with their health care team about what you're doing and where you may need help.

Living with both diabetes and cancer can be challenging, but you're not alone . Ask your health care team how to manage both conditions at the same time. Additional help is available through diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) services.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/healthy-eating/diabetes-and-cancer-what-to-eat.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "I Have Diabetes and Cancer. What Can I Eat?"
  Section: "Support from caregivers"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

What to Expect Before & During Ostomy Surgery of the Bowel

How do surgeons perform ostomy surgery of the bowel?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "how do surgeons perform ostomy surgery of the bowel"

Answer:
How your surgeon performs ostomy surgery will depend on the type of surgery you are having. You will receive general anesthesia for ostomy surgery.

Surgeons may perform laparoscopic, robotic, or open ostomy surgery. During laparoscopic and robotic surgery, surgeons make a small cut in your abdomen and insert a laparoscope —a thin tube with a tiny video camera and light attached—to view the inside of your abdomen. Surgeons will then make additional small cuts and insert tools to remove or repair organs and tissues. In open surgery, surgeons make a larger cut to open your abdomen.

Depending on the reason you need surgery, surgeons may also remove or repair part of the digestive tract during the operation.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/ostomy-surgery-bowel/what-to-expect-before-during
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "What to Expect Before & During Ostomy Surgery of the Bowel"
  Section: "How do surgeons perform ostomy surgery of the bowel?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Definition & Facts of Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about What is intestinal pseudo-obstruction? Cite the source.

Answer:
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare condition in which you have symptoms of intestinal obstruction , but doctors can’t find anything blocking your intestines . In intestinal pseudo-obstruction, nerve or muscle problems slow or stop the movement of food, fluid, air, and waste through your intestines.

The intestines are part of the digestive tract and are made up of the

small intestine, which includes the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum . Most food digestion and nutrient absorption happen in your small intestine. large intestine, which includes the appendix , cecum , colon , and rectum . The large intestine takes in water from stool and changes stool from a liquid to a solid form.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/intestinal-pseudo-obstruction/definition-facts
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Definition & Facts of Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction"
  Section: "What is intestinal pseudo-obstruction?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

What are the symptoms of intussusception?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "what are the symptoms of intussusception"

Answer:
Anyone with signs or symptoms of intussusception or its complications should get medical help right away.

The signs and symptoms of intussusception in babies and children may include

severe colicky or crampy pain in the abdomen crying and not able to be comforted drawing their knees up to their chest lethargy, or lack of energy vomiting stool mixed with blood and mucus , called currant jelly stool

Symptoms of intussusception in adults may include

pain in the abdomen nausea vomiting bleeding from the rectum or blood in the stool constipation bloating

Signs and symptoms of complications of intussusception may include

signs of dehydration, such as thirst, urinating less than usual, and feeling tired signs of infection, such as fever signs of shock, such as confusion or unconsciousness, a fast heart rate, pale skin, and sweating

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/anatomic-problems-lower-gi-tract/intussusception
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Intussusception"
  Section: "What are the symptoms of intussusception?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Get support? Cite the source.

Answer:
Planning meals that fit your health needs, tastes, budget, and schedule can be complicated. Ask your doctor to refer you to diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) services. Through DSMES, you'll work with a diabetes educator to create a healthy meal plan just for you. You can also visit the Find a Diabetes Education Program in Your Area locator for DSMES services near you.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/healthy-eating/diabetes-meal-planning.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Diabetes Meal Planning"
  Section: "Get support"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Lupus & Kidney Disease (Lupus Nephritis)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about What tests do health care professionals use to diagnose lupus nephritis? Cite the source.

Answer:
Lupus nephritis is diagnosed through urine and blood tests and a kidney biopsy.

Your health care professional uses a urine sample to look for blood and protein in your urine . You collect the urine sample in a container in a health care professional’s office or lab. For the test, a nurse or technician places a strip of chemically treated paper, called a dipstick, into the urine. Patches on the dipstick change color when blood or protein is present. A high level of protein or a high number of red blood cells in the urine means kidney damage. The urine will also be examined under a microscope to look for kidney cells.

Your health care professional uses a blood test to check your kidney function. The blood test measures creatinine, a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscles in your body. Your kidneys remove creatinine from your blood. Health care professionals use the amount of creatinine in your blood to estimate your glomerular filtration rate (GFR). As kidney disease gets worse, the level of creatinine goes up.

Read more about blood and urine tests for kidney disease .

A kidney biopsy is a procedure that involves taking a small piece of kidney tissue for examination under a microscope. A doctor performs the biopsy in a hospital using imaging techniques such as ultrasound or a computed tomography (CT) scan to guide the biopsy needle into the kidney. Health care professionals numb the area to limit pain and use light sedation to help you relax during the procedure.

The kidney tissue is examined in a lab by a pathologist—a doctor who specializes in diagnosing diseases.

A kidney biopsy can

confirm a diagnosis of lupus nephritis find out how far the disease has progressed guide treatment

The American College of Rheumatology recommends biopsies for people with signs of active lupus nephritis who have not yet been treated. 3 Early diagnosis and prompt treatment may help protect your kidneys.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/lupus-nephritis
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Lupus & Kidney Disease (Lupus Nephritis)"
  Section: "What tests do health care professionals use to diagnose lupus nephritis?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: According to the CDC, on the topic of "factores de riesgo"

Answer:
Los factores de riesgo de la diabetes tipo 1 no son tan claros como los de la prediabetes y la diabetes tipo 2. Los factores de riesgo que se conocen incluyen:

Antecedentes familiares : uno de los padres o uno de los hermanos o hermanas tiene diabetes tipo 1. La edad : la diabetes tipo 1 puede producirse a cualquier edad, pero generalmente ocurre en niños, adolescentes o adultos jóvenes.

En los Estados Unidos, las personas de raza blanca tienen más probabilidades de presentar diabetes tipo 1 que las afroamericanas y las hispanas o latinas.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/es/about/acerca-de-la-diabetes-tipo-1.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Acerca de la diabetes tipo 1"
  Section: "Factores de riesgo"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Treatment of Viral Gastroenteritis (“Stomach Flu”)

How do doctors treat viral gastroenteritis?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "how do doctors treat viral gastroenteritis"

Answer:
Your doctor may prescribe medicine to control severe vomiting. Doctors don’t prescribe antibiotics to treat viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics don’t work for viral infections.

In some cases, your doctor may recommend probiotics . Probiotics are live microbes, most often bacteria, that are like the ones you normally have in your digestive tract . Studies suggest that some probiotics may help shorten a case of diarrhea. Researchers are still studying the use of probiotics to treat viral gastroenteritis. For safety reasons, talk with your doctor before using probiotics or any other complementary or alternative medicines or practices .

Anyone with signs or symptoms of dehydration should see a doctor right away. Doctors may need to treat people with severe dehydration in a hospital.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis/treatment
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Treatment of Viral Gastroenteritis (“Stomach Flu”)"
  Section: "How do doctors treat viral gastroenteritis?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Reaching people with fewer resources? Cite the source.

Answer:
CDC's Division of Diabetes Translation funds 77 organizations to identify and address barriers to accessing diabetes prevention and management programs and services. These organizations work at regional, state, and local levels to increase access to diabetes prevention for people who may face obstacles to care based on their:

Racial or ethnic group. Religion. Age. Socioeconomic status. Mental or physical health or ability. Geographic location.

These efforts help people with prediabetes with limited access to care complete the program and significantly reduce their risk of type 2 diabetes.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/health-equity/improving-access-type-2-diabetes-prevention-program.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Improving Access to Diabetes Prevention"
  Section: "Reaching people with fewer resources"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Definition & Facts for Constipation in Children

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about What is constipation in children? Cite the source.

Answer:
Constipation in children is a condition in which your child may have

fewer than two bowel movements a week stools that are hard, dry, or lumpy stools that are difficult or painful to pass

Your child also may tell you that he or she feels that not all stool has passed.

Some children have more bowel movements than others, so what’s normal for one child may be different from another child. Also, as children get older, their bowel movement patterns may change. Even an infant’s bowel movements change a lot in the first few weeks and months of life. Learn when to see a doctor for your child’s constipation .

Constipation is not a disease but may be a symptom of another medical problem. In most cases, constipation in children lasts a short time and is not dangerous.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/constipation-children/definition-facts
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Definition & Facts for Constipation in Children"
  Section: "What is constipation in children?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Complications of Ostomy Surgery of the Bowel

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "ileoanal pouch surgery"

Answer:
Complications of ileoanal pouch surgery that are more common within the first 30 days after surgery may include 9,10

blood clots in the portal vein pelvic sepsis, or infection in the lower abdomen around the ileoanal pouch, which may cause abscesses or fistulas to form small intestinal obstruction

Complications that are more common 30 days or later after surgery may include 9,10

pouchitis, which is inflammation of the ileoanal pouch cuffitis, which is inflammation of the area where surgeons attached the pouch to the anus small intestinal obstruction stricture, or narrowing of the area where the ileoanal pouch is connected to the anus

After ileoanal pouch surgery, more frequent bowel movements may cause the skin around your anus to become irritated. Your ostomy nurse will teach you how to prevent and treat irritated skin.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/ostomy-surgery-bowel/complications
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Complications of Ostomy Surgery of the Bowel"
  Section: "Ileoanal pouch surgery"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about How can I prevent low blood glucose if I have diabetes? Cite the source.

Answer:
If you take insulin or other medicines that lower blood glucose, the following actions may help you prevent low blood glucose levels.

Ask your doctor or health care team how to check your blood glucose level. The most common way to do so is by using a blood glucose meter . If you have hypoglycemia unawareness or have low blood glucose often, a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) may be a good option. The CGM measures your blood glucose level at regular times and can sound an alarm if it drops below your target range. Make sure your regular eating plan includes meals, snacks, and beverages with enough carbohydrates to help keep your blood glucose level in your target range. Carry a source of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as glucose tablets or a juice box, with you. Also, if you drink alcoholic beverages, it’s safer to eat some food at the same time. Be safe during exercise or physical activity. Physical activity can lower your blood glucose during the activity and for hours afterward. You may need to check your blood glucose before, during, and after physical activity and adjust your medicine or carbohydrate intake to prevent low blood glucose. For example, you might eat a snack before physical activity to prevent low blood glucose. Work with your doctor or health care team to prevent low blood glucose. Ask your team if any of your diabetes medicines can cause low blood glucose and how you can prevent and treat symptoms. Work with your doctor or health care team to adjust your diabetes management plan as needed.

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-problems/low-blood-glucose-hypoglycemia
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia)"
  Section: "How can I prevent low blood glucose if I have diabetes?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Screening? Cite the source.

Answer:
Type 1 diabetes develops gradually in stages. People at high risk for type 1 diabetes who don't have symptoms can now get screened to see if they are in the early stages of the condition.

Screening for type 1 diabetes identifies if someone has certain autoantibodies , a signal that the immune system is mistakenly attacking the body's insulin-making cells. Blood sugar levels are also checked.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/type-1-diabetes-early-treatment.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Early Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes"
  Section: "Screening"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Diabetes distress? Cite the source.

Answer:
You may sometimes feel discouraged, worried, frustrated, or tired of dealing with daily diabetes care. Maybe you've been trying hard but not seeing results. Or you've developed a health problem related to diabetes in spite of your best efforts.

Those overwhelming feelings, known as diabetes distress, may cause you to stop taking care of yourself. You may slip into unhealthy habits, stop checking your blood sugar, even skip doctor's appointments.

It happens to many—if not most—people with diabetes, often after years of good management.

Diabetes distress can look like depression or anxiety, but it can't be treated effectively with medicine. Instead, these approaches have been shown to help:

Make sure you're seeing an endocrinologist for your diabetes care. These specialists likely have a deeper understanding of diabetes challenges than your regular doctor. Ask your doctor to refer you to a mental health counselor who specializes in chronic health conditions. Get some one-on-one time with a diabetes educator so you can problem-solve together. Focus on one or two small diabetes management goals instead of thinking you have to work on everything all at once.

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/living-with/mental-health.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Diabetes and Mental Health"
  Section: "Diabetes distress"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

What medicines do I need to treat my type 2 diabetes?

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "what medicines do i need to treat my type 2 diabetes"

Answer:
Along with following your diabetes care plan, you may need diabetes medicines, which may include pills or medicines you inject under your skin, such as insulin. Over time, you may need more than one diabetes medicine to manage your blood glucose. Even if you don’t take insulin, you may need it at special times, such as during pregnancy or if you are in the hospital. You also may need medicines for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or other conditions.

Learn more about medicines, insulin, and other diabetes treatments .

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/type-2-diabetes
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Type 2 Diabetes"
  Section: "What medicines do I need to treat my type 2 diabetes?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: According to NIDDK, on the topic of "seek care right away"

Answer:
Call your doctor right away if you have any of the following symptoms after he or she removes a colon polyp:

severe pain in your abdomen fever bloody bowel movements that do not get better bleeding from your anus that does not stop dizziness weakness

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/colon-polyps/treatment
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Treatment for Colon Polyps"
  Section: "Seek Care Right Away"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: What does the CDC say about Resources? Cite the source.

Answer:
Implementing and Evaluating DSMES Programs for Underserved Populations/Communities: A Practice-Based Guide . This guide (also available in Spanish ) shares evaluation lessons learned and expert insights into DSMES programs working to reach underserved populations and communities. It complements the DSMES Toolkit, which gives general resources and tools for developing, promoting, implementing, and sustaining DSMES services.

Rapid evaluations of DSMES services were conducted to understand implementation processes that may help other programs for people who are underserved by DSMES. Below are lessons learned from selected programs.

Bronxcare Diabetes Center of Excellence Prisma Health

— Source: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/health-equity/improving-access-education.html
  Publisher: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  Page: "Improving Access to Diabetes Education"
  Section: "Resources"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.


National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Question: What does NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) say about What increases my chance of developing gestational diabetes? Cite the source.

Answer:
Your chance of developing gestational diabetes are higher if you

are overweight had gestational diabetes before have a parent, brother, or sister with type 2 diabetes have prediabetes , meaning your blood glucose levels are higher than normal yet not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latina, or Pacific Islander American have a hormonal disorder called polycystic ovary syndrome , also known as PCOS

— Source: www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/prevention
  Publisher: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
  Page: "Preventing Gestational Diabetes"
  Section: "What increases my chance of developing gestational diabetes?"
  Retrieved: 2026-05-14

Note: This is government public-health information (a U.S. federal agency / NLM patient-education resource). It describes population-level guidance, not individualized medical advice. For decisions about your own health, please discuss with your healthcare provider.